Fruit bats belonging to the pteropodidae family are thought to be the natural hosts of the ebola virus, although the virus has not been isolated yet from bats in natural conditions. Five distinct species of ebola virus have been isolated from various epidemics, mainly in african countries, with the exception of the reston virus that originated in the philippines. Residues differentially conserved between ebola and reston viruses are shown in red present in interface, orange not in the interface site, they are and labelled with the ebola virus amino acid, residue number followed by the reston virus amino acid. Ebola virus disease is rare and represents a miniscule fraction of the major infectious diseases burden in africa. The ebola virus epidemic burst in west africa in late 20, started in guinea, reached in a few months an alarming diffusion, actually involving several countries liberia, sierra leone, nigeria, senegal, and mali.
The ongoing ebola epidemic in the democratic republic of. Signs and symptoms typically start between two days and three weeks after contracting the virus with a fever, sore throat, muscular pain, and headaches. The latest epidemics first case was reported in the democratic republic of the congo drc in august 2018. Limited evidence is available on pediatric disease course and prognosis. Ebola, the killer virus infectious diseases of poverty full text. Treatment of ebola virus infection with antibodies from. Structural dissection of ebola virus and its assembly. Thirtyfour outbreaks have been reported in africa since it was first. Investigating ebola virus pathogenicity using molecular. Outbreak of ebola virus disease in the democratic republic. The index case in this outbreak has not yet been identified and epidemiologic investigations are ongoing, including laboratory testing. The continued spread is facilitated by insufficient medical facilities, poor sanitation, travel, and unsafe burial practices. Here we describe the clinical course and mri findings of a case of evd with sequential multiorgan failure, including severe meningoencephalitis, despite optimal.
The socioeconomic impact of the disease has been devastating. Ebola virus is a highly pathogenic filovirus causing severe hemorrhagic fever with high mortality rates. Ebola disease is a severe, often fatal illness in humans. Researchers believe that the virus first spreads from an infected animal to a human. Ebola is one of several viral hemorrhagic fevers, caused by infection with a virus of the filoviridae. History of ebola virus disease error processing ssi file. Ebola spotlight emerging infectious diseases journal cdc. Advancements in the therapy of ebola virus disease hiewa othman dyary1, heshu sulaiman rahman1,2,3, hemn hassan othman1,2, rasedee abdullah3, max stanley chartrand4 1college of veterinar y medicine, university of sulaimani, kurdistan region, northern iraq 2college of health sciences, department of medical laborator y sciences, komar university of science and. Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report. Analysis of the short and mediumterm costs of the ebola epidemic should spur governments of nonaffected countries to act quickly to put in place preventive measures. Ebola ebola virus diseases ebola hemorrhagic fever epidemiology diagnosis. This article highlights the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis. Ebola virus polymerase chain reaction testing on cerebral spinal fluid was negative.
Ebola virus disease 202014 outbreak in west africa. Socioeconomic impact of ebola virus disease in west. In conclusion, although the continued development of. The deadliest outbreak of ebola virus on record has sparked fears that the killer virus could spread from west africa to other regions and continents. Ebola virus disease, viral haemorrhagic fever, filovirus. Get latest news information, articles on ebola virus updated on april, 2020 15. Ebola virus disease evd, or simply ebola, is a viral haemorrhagic fever of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses. Background context sierra leone is one of three countries in the mano river union to suffer from the worst recorded ebola outbreak since the disease was first diagnosed in 1976 in the democratic republic of congo. People can get evd through direct contact with an infected animal bat or nonhuman primate or a sick or dead person infected with ebola virus.
For the first time, cases of ebola virus disease have been diagnosed in the us, originating from patients who traveled during the incubation period. The ebola virus is an extremely deadly virus found in africa. Neurocognitive assessment was normal, but the patient reported ongoing fatigue. It assembles heterogenous, filamentous, enveloped virus particles containing a negativesense, singlestranded rna genome packaged within a helical nucleocapsid nc. The 2014 ebola virus disease evd outbreak in west africa is the longest, largest, deadliest. The first outbreak occurred in the democratic republic of congo formerly zaire in a village near the ebola river, which gave the virus its name. The ebola virus basically causes uncontrollable bleeding externally. First fdaapproved vaccine for the prevention of ebola. The viruses that cause evd are located mainly in subsaharan africa. An unprecedented epidemic of ebola virus disease evd affected guinea in 2014 and 2015. The journal published its first ebola article in 1995, volume 1, issue number 3. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and then spreads in the human population through. An unusual type of virus has periodically led to outbreaks of a devastating infection where people may bleed to death the ebola virus, seen here in a colorized transmission electron micrograph, has a distinct shape.
The current ebola outbreak in west africa is unprecedented in magnitude and duration and, as of november 30, 2014, shows no signs of abating. Early detection, rapid patient isolation, contact tracing, and the ongoing vaccination programme should sufficiently control the outbreak. We have used cryoelectron microscopy and tomography to visualize ebola virus particles, as well. Heres what you need to know about the latest ebola. Article pdf available february 2015 with 5,147 reads. An ebola epidemic has been growing in africa since mid2018. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the. Severe meningoencephalitis in a case of ebola virus. The ongoing ebola virus outbreak in the democratic republic of the congo has similar epidemiological features to previous ebola virus disease outbreaks. Introduction to ebola virus disease world health organization.
List of books and articles about ebola online research. The first evd outbreak was reported in the 1970s in zaire now the democratic. Probing into the factors that led to the widespread outbreak, setting forth plans to counter evd cases in developing countries, and devising definitive measures to limit the spread of the disease are. August 2016 the new england journal of medicine article on the scale and growth of the epidemic, origins of human infection in west africa, the effect of interventions, and preparation for future outbreaks. Ebola is a rare but deadly virus that causes fever, body aches, and diarrhea, and sometimes bleeding inside and outside the body. The ongoing epidemic of ebola virus disease evd in the democratic republic of congo drc is the tenth and largest evd outbreak in the drc since zaire. Clinical presentation of patients with ebola virus disease in conakry, guinea new england journal of medicine, january 2015. The previous declarations were for the devastating ebola outbreak in west africa in 20142016 that took lives of more than 1 people, spread of zika virus in latin america, 2009 swine flu epidemic and for polio in 2014. The ebola virus causes ebola virus disease evd, or sim ply ebola, in. Ebola virus disease evd has mostly affected economically deprived countries as limited resources adversely affect a countrys infrastructure and administration.
Ebola virus infection associated with transmission from survivors. Fruit bats belonging to the pteropodidae family are thought to be the natural hosts of the ebola virus, although the virus has not been isolated yet. Ebola virus, a rna virus, was discovered in 1976 as zaire ebolavirus and currently is responsible for outbreak in the west africa. The emerging infectious diseases journal has published many articles on ebola. Of these, two tested positive for ebola virus, zaire ebolavirus species, by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction rtpcr on 7 may 2018, and the outbreak was officially declared on 8 may 2018. Ebola, the killer virus infectious diseases of poverty. An epidemic of ebola virus disease is occurring in western africa on a scale not seen before, particularly in the countries of guinea, liberia, and sierra leone. Thirtyfour outbreaks have been reported in africa since it. On 11 november, european regulators approved a vaccine that has already helped to control deadly outbreaks of the virus the first time any immunization. It is currently under clinical development for the treatment of ebola virus infection. Since the initial discovery of zaire and sudan ebola virus in 1976, the ebola viruses have been responsible for severe hemorrhagic fever outbreaks. As an effective and readily deployable technical approach, sdinactivated plasma transfusions might even be proposed as the standard of care. An epidemic of ebola virus disease is occurring in western africa on a scale not seen before. However, its high casefatality rate, potential for humantohuman transmission and propensity to be associated with hospitalbased transmission is both concerning and a fertile source for hysteria 31,32.
Ebola virus disease evd is a lifethreatening viral disease with a fatality rate ranging from around 30% to 90%. Zebovgp ebola vaccine during the sierra leone trial to introduce a vaccine against ebola. National ebola recovery strategy for sierra leone a. Ebola virus disease democratic republic of the congo date of information.
Health emergency information and risk assessment 2 health emergency information and risk assessment as this is a rapidly changing situation, the reported number of cases and deaths, contacts being monitored. The ebola virus has spread across several western africa countries, adding a significant financial burden to their health systems and economies. In this article, we present an overview of the pathogen, its epidemiology and transmission, clinical and laboratory manifestations, treatment and infection control procedures, with an emphasis on what is known about ebola virus disease in the pediatric population. This outbreak follows the devastating ebola epidemic that swept through west africa between 2014 and 2016, resulting in more than 28,600 infections and 11,000 deaths.
Ebola virus disease evd is a rare and deadly disease in people and nonhuman primates. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. It can then spread from human to human through direct contact with a patients blood or secretions. There have been multiple outbreaks across africa and one in the united states. Fda announced today the approval of ervebo, the first fdaapproved vaccine for the prevention of ebola virus disease evd, caused by zaire ebolavirus in individuals 18 years of age and older. The virus is a member of the filoviridae family genus ebolavirus. The forecast of the number of cases does not exceed the current capacity to. Ebola virus disease is considered to be zoonotic, with occasional spillovers to humans, apes, and possibly other animals. Ebola virus disease among children in west africa pdf, 453kb the new england journal of medicine, march 2015. It weakened the already fragile guinean health system.
Introduction ebola virus disease evd is one of the deadliest haemorrhagic fevers affecting humans and nonhuman primates. Ebola virus disease is a serious, often fatal condition in humans and nonhuman primates. Additionally, we have included articles and reports referenced in the ba sic literature. Ebola virus disease evd, one of the deadliest viral diseases, was discovered in 1976 when two consecutive outbreaks of fatal hemorrhagic fever occurred in different parts of central africa. Several patients diagnosed with ebola virus disease in africa have been evacuated. This study aimed to assess the effects of the outbreak on prevent.
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